{"id":1888,"date":"2017-08-01T11:36:35","date_gmt":"2017-08-01T06:06:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/?p=1888"},"modified":"2026-09-10T08:52:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T03:22:14","slug":"create-swap-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/create-swap-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"Create swap space on linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swap space is a portion of disk storage that Linux can use as virtual memory when the available physical RAM is insufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swap can be configured either as a <strong>dedicated disk partition<\/strong> or as a <strong>swap file<\/strong>. A swap file is often easier to create and manage because it does not require repartitioning the disk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This document explains how to create a <strong>1 GB swap file<\/strong> at <code>\/var\/swap.img<\/code>, enable it, verify it, and configure it to remain active after a server reboot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Swap is not a replacement for physical RAM. It is primarily used as a fallback when RAM becomes highly utilized.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prerequisites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before creating swap space, ensure the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Server Requirements<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Linux server with root or <code>sudo<\/code> access.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sufficient free disk space.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A filesystem that supports swap files.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basic knowledge of Linux commands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Server should not already have an unnecessary or conflicting swap configuration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verify Current Memory and Swap<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check the available RAM and existing swap:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -m<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check existing swap:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check available disk space:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">df -h<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use%<br>\/dev\/sda1        50G   35G   15G  71%<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Make sure sufficient disk space is available before creating the swap file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implementation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1: Check Existing Swap<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before creating a new swap file, check whether swap is already configured:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can also use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -m<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">               total        used        free<br>Mem:            7980        6200        1780<br>Swap:              0           0           0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the system already has sufficient swap, creating another swap file may not be necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2: Create the Swap File<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Create a <strong>1 GB swap file<\/strong> using:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/var\/swap.img bs=1024k count=1000<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This creates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">\/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">with approximately <strong>1 GB<\/strong> of space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A faster alternative on many modern Linux systems is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo fallocate -l 1G \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 3: Set Secure Permissions<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Set the swap file permissions so that only root can read or write it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo chmod 0600 \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Set the owner:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo chown root:root \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">ls -lh \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Expected permissions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">-rw------- 1 root root 1.0G \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Format the File as Swap<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initialize the file as swap space:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo mkswap \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You should receive output similar to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">Setting up swapspace version 1<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Enable the Swap File<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enable the swap file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo swapon \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">NAME           TYPE  SIZE USED PRIO<br>\/var\/swap.img  file    1G   0B   -2<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6: Verify Swap Memory<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Run:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -m<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You should now see approximately 1 GB of swap:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">               total        used        free<br>Mem:            7980        6200        1780<br>Swap:           1000           0        1000<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Configure Swap to Persist After Reboot<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By default, a manually enabled swap file may not automatically be enabled after a reboot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To make it persistent, edit <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Add the following line:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">\/var\/swap.img none swap sw 0 0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Save the file and exit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alternative using <code>vi<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo vi \/etc\/fstab<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Add:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">\/var\/swap.img none swap sw 0 0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Test the <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> Configuration<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before rebooting, test the configuration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo swapoff \/var\/swap.img<br>sudo swapon -a<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then verify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -m<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the swap appears again, the <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> entry is working correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important:<\/strong> Always verify <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> carefully before rebooting. An incorrect <code>fstab<\/code> entry can cause boot-related problems.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Verify Final Configuration<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Run:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -h<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also verify the configuration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">grep -i swap \/etc\/fstab<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Expected:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">\/var\/swap.img none swap sw 0 0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can also check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">ls -lh \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Troubleshooting<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Swap file is already active<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If <code>\/var\/swap.img<\/code> is already listed, do not run <code>mkswap<\/code> on the active file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>swapon<\/code> gives a permission error<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check permissions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">ls -l \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Set:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo chmod 600 \/var\/swap.img<br>sudo chown root:root \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo swapon \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><code>mkswap<\/code> reports that the file has insecure permissions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Run:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo chmod 600 \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo mkswap \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Check whether the filesystem supports swap files<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If <code>swapon<\/code> fails, check the filesystem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">df -T \/var\/swap.img<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some filesystem\/configuration combinations require special handling for swap files.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Creating a swap file is a simple way to provide additional virtual memory without creating a dedicated disk partition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The basic process is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">Check RAM and disk\n       \u2193\nCreate swap file\n       \u2193\nSet permissions\n       \u2193\nRun mkswap\n       \u2193\nEnable with swapon\n       \u2193\nVerify with free\/swapon\n       \u2193\nAdd entry to \/etc\/fstab\n       \u2193\nTest persistence<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A swap file can help prevent applications from being immediately terminated when physical RAM becomes exhausted. However, <strong>high swap usage is usually an indication that the server may need more physical RAM or workload optimization<\/strong>, rather than a reason to continually increase swap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q1. What is swap space?<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Swap is disk space used by Linux as additional virtual memory when physical RAM is under pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q2. Is swap the same as RAM?<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. RAM is physical memory and is significantly faster than disk-based swap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q3. How much swap should I create?<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no single value suitable for every server. The appropriate size depends on the server&#8217;s RAM, workload, and whether applications require swap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, this procedure creates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">1 GB swap<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You should determine the required size based on the server&#8217;s workload rather than following a fixed ratio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q4. How can I check whether swap is enabled?<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">swapon --show<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">or:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">free -h<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Articles:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/how-do-to-add-a-swap-space-to-an-ec2-instance\/\">How do to add a swap space to an EC2 instance? &#8211; Pheonix Solutions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/how-to-create-the-swap-space-using-the-swap-file-on-ubuntu-20-04\/\">How to create the swap space using the swap file on Ubuntu 20.04? &#8211; Pheonix Solutions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Talk to our experts<strong>:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking for the right technology solution for your business?. Our experts can help with&nbsp;<strong>web hosting, domain registration, DevOps and cloud, software development, web applications, mobile applications, and enterprise solutions<\/strong>. Get in touch with our team&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/contact\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Swap space is a portion of disk storage that Linux can use as virtual memory when the available physical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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