{"id":5636,"date":"2020-05-18T14:04:01","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T08:34:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/?p=5636"},"modified":"2026-11-11T13:03:30","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T07:33:30","slug":"how-to-add-swap-memory-on-aws-ec2-linux-instance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/how-to-add-swap-memory-on-aws-ec2-linux-instance\/","title":{"rendered":"How to add swap memory on AWS\/EC2 linux instance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Post Date:<\/strong> May 18, 2020<br><strong>Last Updated:<\/strong> November 11, 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide explains how to <strong>add swap memory<\/strong> on an AWS EC2 Linux instance, using either a swap file or an extra EBS disk. Swap memory is disk space that Linux uses as overflow when RAM runs out. It helps small instances keep running instead of killing processes with out-of-memory errors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The original guide covered both methods. This version adds the missing <code>chmod 600<\/code> step, a verification step, safer boot entries, and troubleshooting. It also explains that newer Nitro-based instances name the extra disk <code>\/dev\/nvme1n1<\/code> rather than <code>\/dev\/xvdd<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Warning:<\/strong> Swap is a safety net, not a replacement for RAM. Heavy swapping on EBS is slow and uses disk I\/O, and on burstable t-series instances it can drain CPU credits. If you need to add swap memory permanently because your workload keeps running out of RAM, choose a larger instance type. Back up <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> before editing it, because a wrong entry can cause boot problems.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prerequisites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before you add swap memory, make sure you have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SSH access to the instance with sudo privileges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Free disk space at least equal to the swap size you plan to create (check with <code>df -h<\/code>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For Method 2, an extra EBS volume attached to the instance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A backup of the boot configuration: <code>sudo cp \/etc\/fstab \/etc\/fstab.bak<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Architecture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The EC2 instance runs Linux, and its root EBS volume holds the operating system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <strong>swap file<\/strong> is a normal file on the root volume that Linux treats as swap space<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <strong>swap disk<\/strong> is a separate EBS volume that you attach and dedicate to swap<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>mkswap<\/code> formats the file or disk as swap, and <code>swapon<\/code> activates it<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An entry in <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> makes Linux enable the swap again after every reboot<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The image below shows the workflow. For the official reference, see the AWS guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/repost.aws\/knowledge-center\/ec2-memory-swap-file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allocating swap space with a swap file<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man8\/swapon.8.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">swapon manual<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux-272x182.png 272w, https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Adding-Swap-Memory-on-AWS-EC2-Linux.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steps to Add Swap Memory on AWS EC2 Linux Instance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Short answer:<\/strong> To add swap memory on an EC2 Linux instance, create a swap file with <code>fallocate<\/code> or <code>dd<\/code>, set its permissions to 600, run <code>mkswap<\/code> and <code>swapon<\/code>, then add a line to <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> so it survives a reboot. If the root disk is short on space, use an extra EBS volume instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Check Current Memory, Swap and Disk Space<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">free -h\nswapon --show\ndf -h\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If <code>swapon --show<\/code> prints nothing, the instance has no swap yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Method 1: Create a Swap File<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Method 1 is the simplest way to add swap memory without attaching another disk. This example creates a 2 GB file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo fallocate -l 2G \/swapfile\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If <code>fallocate<\/code> fails on your file system, use <code>dd<\/code> instead (<code>count=2048<\/code> with <code>bs=1M<\/code> gives 2 GB):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/swapfile bs=1M count=2048 status=progress\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Restrict the permissions, format the file as swap, and enable it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo chmod 600 \/swapfile\nsudo mkswap \/swapfile\nsudo swapon \/swapfile\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> The original guide used <code>\/var\/myswap<\/code> and skipped <code>chmod 600<\/code>. Without it, <code>swapon<\/code> warns about insecure permissions, because other users could read memory pages.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Enable the Swap File at Boot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Add the entry to <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">echo '\/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0' | sudo tee -a \/etc\/fstab\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then confirm the entry is valid:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo swapoff \/swapfile\nsudo swapon -a\nswapon --show\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Method 2: Use an Additional Disk for Swap<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use this method if the root volume has no spare space. You can also add swap memory on a dedicated EBS volume after attaching it to the instance. First identify the disk:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">lsblk\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The new disk appears as <code>\/dev\/xvdd<\/code> on older instance types or <code>\/dev\/nvme1n1<\/code> on Nitro instances. The commands below use <code>\/dev\/nvme1n1<\/code>, so replace it with your own device name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Warning:<\/strong> <code>mkswap -f<\/code> erases the disk. Confirm that the device is the new, empty volume and not your root disk.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo mkswap -f \/dev\/nvme1n1\nsudo swapon \/dev\/nvme1n1\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Device names can change after a reboot, so use the UUID in <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">sudo blkid \/dev\/nvme1n1\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Add a line with the UUID from the output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">UUID=your-uuid-here swap swap defaults 0 0\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Verify the Swap Space<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">free -h\nswapon --show\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <code>Swap<\/code> row in <code>free -h<\/code> should show the new size. Reboot once if possible, then run the commands again to confirm the swap comes back automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Optional: Tune Swappiness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <code>vm.swappiness<\/code> value controls how eagerly Linux uses swap. A lower value such as 10 keeps more data in RAM and suits most servers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"generic\" data-enlighter-theme=\"\" data-enlighter-highlight=\"\" data-enlighter-linenumbers=\"\" data-enlighter-lineoffset=\"\" data-enlighter-title=\"\" data-enlighter-group=\"\">cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/swappiness\nsudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10\necho 'vm.swappiness=10' | sudo tee \/etc\/sysctl.d\/99-swappiness.conf\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Troubleshooting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If swap does not turn on or does not survive a reboot, check these:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>&#8220;swapon: \/swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.&#8221;:<\/strong> Run <code>sudo chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;swapon failed: Invalid argument&#8221;:<\/strong> The file was probably created with <code>fallocate<\/code> on a file system that does not support it. Run <code>swapoff<\/code> if needed, delete the file, and recreate it with <code>dd<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;fallocate failed: Operation not supported&#8221;:<\/strong> Use the <code>dd<\/code> command in Step 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;dd: error writing &#8216;\/swapfile&#8217;: No space left on device&#8221;:<\/strong> You cannot add swap memory because the disk is full. Free space or create a smaller file<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;mkswap: \/dev\/nvme1n1: Device or resource busy&#8221;:<\/strong> The disk is mounted or in use. Check <code>lsblk<\/code>, unmount it, or confirm you picked the right device<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Swap disappears after a reboot:<\/strong> The <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> line is missing or has a typo. Compare it with Step 3 or Step 4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The instance still runs out of memory:<\/strong> Swap is too small or the workload needs more RAM. Raise the size or move to a larger instance type<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To add swap memory on an AWS EC2 Linux instance, create a swap file (or attach an extra disk), set secure permissions, run <code>mkswap<\/code> and <code>swapon<\/code>, and add the entry to <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>. Verify with <code>free -h<\/code> and <code>swapon --show<\/code>, and reboot once to confirm it persists. Treat swap as a safety net, and upgrade the instance if it swaps all the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How much swap should I add on an EC2 instance?<\/strong><br>For small instances with 2 GB of RAM or less, swap equal to the RAM is a common choice. For larger instances, a smaller amount is usually enough. Swap does not replace RAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is swap enabled by default on EC2?<\/strong><br>Most Amazon Linux and other standard AMIs have no swap configured, so you need to create it yourself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Should I use a swap file or a separate disk?<\/strong><br>A swap file is simpler and costs nothing extra. Use a separate EBS volume only if the root volume lacks space, and remember that the extra volume adds cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How do I remove swap?<\/strong><br>Run <code>sudo swapoff \/swapfile<\/code>, delete the matching line from <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>, then run <code>sudo rm \/swapfile<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related Articles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/aws-ec2-troubleshooting-guide-common-issues-and-solutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AWS EC2 Troubleshooting Guide: Common Issues and Solutions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/blog\/how-to-troubleshoot-ssh-connection-issues-in-aws-ec2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Troubleshoot SSH Connection Issues in AWS EC2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Talk to Our Technology Experts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Running out of memory on your AWS EC2 instances? Our team can size your servers correctly, configure swap and performance tuning, and manage your cloud infrastructure through our <a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/devops-cloud\/\">DevOps and Cloud Services<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pheonixsolutions.com\/contact\">Connect with our technology experts.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Post Date: May 18, 2020Last Updated: November 11, 2026 Introduction This guide explains how to add swap memory on an 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